Esophageal cancer is a complex malignancy characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to optimize outcomes. Surgical management remains a cornerstone in the treatment of localized and locally advanced esophageal cancer, with significant advancements in techniques, perioperative care, and patient selection criteria in recent decades. This review examines the evolving landscape of surgical strategies, including open esophagectomy, minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE), and robotic-assisted procedures, while addressing the indications, benefits, and limitations of each approach. Key considerations such as lymphadenectomy, anastomotic techniques, and enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are discussed in the context of improving survival rates and reducing complications. Additionally, the role of surgery within multimodal treatment regimens, including neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies, is evaluated. Emerging trends, such as personalized surgical planning and integration of advanced imaging and artificial intelligence, are also explored for their potential to refine patient outcomes. By synthesizing current evidence and clinical guidelines, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art surgical management of esophageal cancer and identify future directions for research and practice